Importer of Record (IOR)

The legal entity responsible for ensuring that imported goods comply with all customs laws and for paying all duties and taxes. The IOR's name appears on the customs entry; they bear full legal liability for the shipment.

The importer of record (IOR) is the legal party responsible for an import shipment in the eyes of the customs authority. Their name and tax ID appear on the customs entry; they are personally liable for duty accuracy, payment, record-keeping, and compliance with any import restrictions — FDA approvals, USDA permits, FCC certifications, REACH declarations.

IOR vs consignee vs buyer. These three roles are often the same entity in a simple import — the buyer orders, receives, and acts as IOR. They can differ. The consignee is whoever the cargo is addressed to. The IOR is whoever files the customs entry. The buyer may receive goods while the seller (under DDP) acts as IOR. Separating these roles creates complexity in trade finance and audit.

Who can be IOR in the US. Any resident or non-resident importer with a CBP importer account (importer ID — usually IRS EIN or SSN for individuals). Foreign companies without US presence can import with the assistance of a licensed customs broker who files on their behalf, but the foreign entity must still be named as IOR and obtains an importer ID. IOR services provided by specialist companies offer a US-resident legal entity to serve as IOR on behalf of foreign sellers — at the cost of accepting joint liability.

IOR in the EU. Under the Union Customs Code, the declarant (person lodging the customs declaration) must have an EORI number and be established in the EU unless they use an indirect customs representative (who then jointly bears liability). EU customs reform will require all importers to hold an EORI from 2028 onward.

Also searched: importer of record · ior · who is the importer of record · import of record · foreign importer of record

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